The present paper offers and evaluates a theoretical framework for the appraisal of the evolution of the third sector in Russia. Its history in the preceding fifty years is presented as a successive change of three models – latent growth, import-dependent and rooted – each regarded in four dimensions: developmental driving forces, sector structure, dominant organizational culture, and relations with the state. The character and change of models are explained proceeding from the demand/supply characteristics of resources and institutions of the sector. The greatest attention belongs to the rooted model, which is presently taking shape. This versatile and problem-laden process is analyzed on the basis of civil society monitoring made with the authors’ participation since 2006. This analysis reveals rather intensive import substitution of the resources and institutions of the sector, and the emergence of prerequisites for its sustainable development. Their implementation depends, however, on the state of the economic, social, cultural and political environment.
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